s/t: In Which ... the Scriptural Doctrine Respecting ... Matrimony Is Explained and Defended ...
from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1819 edition. Excerpt: ... of St. John of Jerusalem, took its name from an hospital built at Jerusalem, for the use of pilgrims visiting the Holy Sepulchre; some merchants of the city of Melphi, in the kingdom of Naples, who traded into the east, having obtained the permission of the califf of Egypt for its erection. It was dedicated to St. John. The community afterwards increasing, by the foundation of two new churches, they took upon themselves the protection of pilgrims. - The order was instituted about the year 1092; and was particularly favoured by Godfrey of Bonllogne, on account of their assistance in taking* the Holy City; and also by his successor Baldwin. * None of the sovereigns of Europe took a part in the first Crusade, but many of their chief vassals, great part of the inferior nobility, and a countless multitude of the common people. The priests left their parishes, and the monks their cells; and though the peasantry were then in general bound to the soil, we find no check given to their emigration for this cause. Numbers of women and children swelled the crowd; it appeared a sort of sacrilege to repel any one from a work which was considered as the manifest design of Providence. But if it were lawful to interpret the will of Providence by events, few undertakings have been more branded by its disapprobation than the Crusades. So many crimes, and so much misery, have seldom been accumulated in so short a space as in the three years of the first expedition. We should be warranted by contemporary writers in stating the loss of the Christians alone, during this period, at nearly a million; but at the least computation it must have exceeded half that number. To engage in the Crusade, and to perish in it, were almost synonymous. Few of those myriads that...
Martin Luther changed the course of Western civilization by initiating the Protestant Reformation. As a priest and theology professor, he confronted indulgence salesmen with his 95 Theses in 1517. Luther strongly disputed their claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms meeting in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the emperor.
Luther taught that salvation is a free gift of God and received only by grace through faith in Jesus as redeemer from sin, not from good works. His theology challenged the authority of the pope of the Roman Catholic Church by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood.
His translation of the Bible into the language of the people (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, causing a tremendous impact on the church and on German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced the translation into English of the King James Bible. His hymns inspired the development of singing in churches. His marriage to Katharina von Bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage, allowing Protestant priests to marry.
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