Martin Luther (* 10. November 1483 in Eisleben, Grafschaft Mansfeld; † 18. Februar 1546 ebenda) war der theologische Urheber und Lehrer der Reformation. Als zu den Augustinermönchen gehörender Theologieprofessor vollzog er eine reformatorische Wende in seinem Glauben und Denken, nach der er sich ausschließlich an Jesus Christus als dem „fleischgewordenen Wort Gottes“ orientierte. Nach diesem Maßstab wollte er Fehlentwicklungen der Christentumsgeschichte, die es nach seinem Urteil gab, überwinden. Seine Betonung der Gnade Gottes, seine Predigten und Schriften – besonders seine Lutherbibel – veränderten die von der römisch-katholischen Kirche dominierte Gesellschaft im ausgehenden Mittelalter und der beginnenden Neuzeit nachhaltig.
Martin Luther changed the course of Western civilization by initiating the Protestant Reformation. As a priest and theology professor, he confronted indulgence salesmen with his 95 Theses in 1517. Luther strongly disputed their claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms meeting in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the emperor.
Luther taught that salvation is a free gift of God and received only by grace through faith in Jesus as redeemer from sin, not from good works. His theology challenged the authority of the pope of the Roman Catholic Church by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood.
His translation of the Bible into the language of the people (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, causing a tremendous impact on the church and on German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced the translation into English of the King James Bible. His hymns inspired the development of singing in churches. His marriage to Katharina von Bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage, allowing Protestant priests to marry.
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