Excerpt from Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, Vol. 2 of 4: Collected and Republished
Friedrich von Hardenberg, better known in Literature by the pseudonym Novalis, ' was born on the 2nd of May 1772, at a country residence of his family in the Grafschaft of Mansfeld, in Saxony. His father, who had been a soldier in youth, and still retained a liking for that profession, was at this time Director Of the Saxon Salt-works; an Office of some considerable trust and dignity. Tieck says, he was a vigor ous, unweariedly active man, of open, resolute character, a true German. His religious feelings made him a member Of the Hermhut Communion yet his disposition continued gay, frank, rugged and downright.' The mother also was distin guished for her worth; 'a pattern of noble piety and Christian mildness'; virtues which her subsequent life gave Opportunity enough for exercising.
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Thomas Carlyle was a Scottish satirical writer, essayist, historian and teacher during the Victorian era. He called economics "the dismal science", wrote articles for the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, and became a controversial social commentator.
Coming from a strict Calvinist family, Carlyle was expected by his parents to become a preacher, but while at the University of Edinburgh, he lost his Christian faith. Calvinist values, however, remained with him throughout his life. This combination of a religious temperament with loss of faith in traditional Christianity made Carlyle's work appealing to many Victorians who were grappling with scientific and political changes that threatened the traditional social order.
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