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Martin Luther

Martin Luther


Martin Luther changed the course of Western civilization by initiating the Protestant Reformation. As a priest and theology professor, he confronted indulgence salesmen with his 95 Theses in 1517. Luther strongly disputed their claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms meeting in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the emperor.

Luther taught that salvation is a free gift of God and received only by grace through faith in Jesus as redeemer from sin, not from good works. His theology challenged the authority of the pope of the Roman Catholic Church by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood.

His translation of the Bible into the language of the people (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, causing a tremendous impact on the church and on German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced the translation into English of the King James Bible. His hymns inspired the development of singing in churches. His marriage to Katharina von Bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage, allowing Protestant priests to marry.
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گرفتاری‌های آینده را اگر پیشاپیش دریابند چاره‌کردنشان آسان است. امّا اگر بگذارند تا رخ نمایند، آن‌گاه هیچ دارویی کارگر نخواهد افتاد. زیرا که درد درمان‌ناپذیر شده است. چنان که پزشکان در باب تب-لازم می‌گویند، در آغازِ بیماری درمان آسان است امّا بازشناختنش دشوار؛ و چون چندی گذشت و بیماری شناخته و درمان نشد، بازشناختنِ آن آسان است امّا درمان آن دشوار.
topics: politics  
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so one has to be a prince to get to know the character of a people and a man of the people to know the character of a prince.
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من همانا بر آنم که بی‌پروایی از پرواگری بهتر. چرا که بخت زن است و هر که خواهان اوست می‌باید به زور بر وی دست یابد. و می‌بینیم که وی خود را بیشتر به چنین مردانی وامی‌گذارد تا به آنانی که سرد پای پیش می‌گذارند. و نیز همچون زنان دوستار جوانان است که بی‌پرواترند و زورآورتر، و گستاخ‌تر بر او فرمان می‌رانند.
topics: politics  
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all prudent princes ought to do, who have to regard not only present troubles, but also future ones, for which they must prepare with every energy, because, when foreseen, it is easy to remedy them; but if you wait until they approach, the medicine is no longer in time because the malady has become incurable; for it happens in this, as the physicians say it happens in hectic fever, that in the beginning of the malady it is easy to cure but difficult to detect, but in the course of time, not having been either detected or treated in the beginning, it becomes easy to detect but difficult to cure.
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بخت گردان است، امّا مردم در شیوه‌های خود پایدار.
topics: politics  
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سه گونه مغز در کار است: یکی آن‌که به خود درمی‌یابد؛ دیگر آن‌که آنچه را که دیگران دریافته‌اند درمی‌یابد؛ سوم آن‌که نه به خود درمی‌یابد نه به دیگران. نخستین، عالی‌ست و دومین خوب و سومین بیهوده.
topics: politics  
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Վերջին հաշվով, այլոց զենք ու զրահը կամ ուսերիցդ վայր է ընկնում, կամ ծանր բեռ է դառնում քեզ համար, կամ էլ չափից ավելի նեղ է գալիս...
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for even whilst you exercise it you lose the power to do so, and so become either poor or despised, or else, in avoiding poverty, rapacious and hated.
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Men will not look at things as they really are, but as they wish them to be--and are ruined.
topics: man  
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war is not to be avoided, but is only to be put off to the advantage of others;
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Capítulo XX. Se as fortalezas e muitas outras coisas que a cada dia são feitas pelos príncipes são úteis ou não
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All the same, and so as not to give up on our free will, I reckon it may be true that luck decides the half of what we do, but it leaves the other half, more or less, to us. It’s like one of those raging rivers that sometimes rise and flood the plain, tearing down trees and buildings, dragging soil from one place and dumping it down in another. Everybody runs for safety, no one can resist the rush, there’s no way you can stop it. Still, the fact that a river is like this doesn’t prevent us from preparing for trouble when levels are low, building banks and dykes, so that when the water rises the next time it can be contained in a single channel and the rush of the river in flood is not so uncontrolled and destructive.
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Come evening, I walk home and go into my study. In the passage I take off my ordinary clothes, caked with mud and slime, and put on my formal palace gowns. Then when I’m properly dressed I take my place in the courts of the past where the ancients welcome me kindly and I eat my fill of the only food that is really mine and that I was born for. I’m quite at ease talking to them and asking them why they did the things they did, and they are generous with their answers. So for four hours at a time I feel no pain, I forget all my worries, I’m not afraid of poverty and death doesn’t frighten me. I put myself entirely in their minds.
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es que el que ayuda a otro a hacerse poderoso provoca su propia ruina.
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En nuestros tiempos sólo hemos visto hacer grandes cosas a los hombres considerados tacaños; los demás siempre han fracasado.
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Pentru ca viața-i scurtă, cu multă suferință, și fără caznă trai nu-i cu putință conduși de pofte și dorinți noi ne petrecem și ne roadem anii; cin` la plăceri renunță doar strădanii găsește, chin și suferinți; de-a lumii amăgire acela n-are știre, nici de-ntâmplări-i sucite, de orori ce-apasă greu pe-atâția muritori. (Machiavelli, Mătrăguna, in Comedia Italiană din Renaștere, Humanitas, 2012, p9)
topics: epicureism , realism  
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Muitos tiveram e têm a opinião de que as coisas do mundo são de tal modo governadas, pela fortuna e por Deus, que os Homens com a sua prudência não as podem corrigir, nem têm, aliás, remédio algum para tal; e por isto poder-se-á julgar que não seja de suar muito nas coisas, mas de deixar-se governar pela sorte. (...) No entanto (...) julgo poder ser verdadeiro que a fortuna seja arbitra de metade das nossas acções, mas que ela também nos deixe a nos governar a outra metade, ou quase. E assemelho-a a um destes rios ruinosos que, quando se irritam, alagam as planícies , derrubam as árvores e os edifícios, levam terreno de um lado, põem-no no outro: cada um foge adiante deles, todos cedem ao seu ímpeto, sem se lhes poderem opor em parte alguma. E, se bem que eles sejam assim feitos, daí não resulta que os homens, quando estão temos tranquilos, não possam tomar providências, quer com amparos, quer com açudes, de modo que, crescendo depois, eles se encaminhem por um canal ou o seu ímpeto não seja tão danoso nem tão desenfreado. Acontece de modo semelhante com a fortuna, a qual demonstra a sua potência onde não está ordenada virtude para lhe resistir. E, aí, ela volta os seus ímpetos para onde sabe que não estão feitos os açudes nem os amparos para a deter
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Every one sees what you seem, but few know what you are, and these few dare not oppose themselves to the opinion of the many who have the majesty of the State to back them up.
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Thus, it is well to seem merciful, faithful, humane, religious, and upright, and also to be so; but the mind should remain so balanced that were it needful not to be so, you should be able and know how to change to the contrary.
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and that to appear to have them is useful; to appear merciful, faithful, humane, religious, upright, and to be so, but with a mind so framed that should you require not to be so, you may be able and know how to change to the opposite.
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