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Martin Luther

Martin Luther


Martin Luther changed the course of Western civilization by initiating the Protestant Reformation. As a priest and theology professor, he confronted indulgence salesmen with his 95 Theses in 1517. Luther strongly disputed their claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms meeting in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the emperor.

Luther taught that salvation is a free gift of God and received only by grace through faith in Jesus as redeemer from sin, not from good works. His theology challenged the authority of the pope of the Roman Catholic Church by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood.

His translation of the Bible into the language of the people (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, causing a tremendous impact on the church and on German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced the translation into English of the King James Bible. His hymns inspired the development of singing in churches. His marriage to Katharina von Bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage, allowing Protestant priests to marry.
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Dificultad que estriba en que los hombres cambian con gusto de señor, creyendo mejorar; y esta creencia los impulsa a tomar las armas contra él; en lo cual se engañan, pues luego la experiencia les enseña que han empeorado.
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quien promueve el que otro se convierta en poderoso labra su ruina, porque ese poder lo ha provocado o con la astucia o con la fuerza, y tanto la una como la otra resultan sospechosas al que se ha convertido en poderoso.
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These men and others like them who rise to sovereignty through their own abilities face all kinds of difficulties when setting up their states but then hold on to them fairly easily. The initial difficulties depend in large part on the fact that in order to establish their government and guarantee its security they have to impose a new administrative system and new procedures. Here we have to bear in mind that nothing is harder to organize, more likely to fail, or more dangerous to see through, than the introduction of a new system of government. The person bringing in the changes will make enemies of everyone who was doing well under the old system, while the people who stand to gain from the new arrangements will not offer wholehearted support, partly because they are afraid of their opponents, who still have the laws on their side, and partly because people are naturally sceptical: no one really believes in change until they’ve had solid experience of it.
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Dios no quiere hacerlo todo, para no privarnos de nuestro libre albedrío ni quitarnos una parte de la obra que en nuestro bien redundará.
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Existem duas formas de se combater: uma, pelas leis; outra, pela força. A primeira é própria do homem; a segunda, dos animais.
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Digo, pues, que las tropas con que un príncipe defiende sus Estados son propias, mercenarias, auxiliares o mixtas. Las mercenarias y auxiliares son inútiles y peligrosas; y
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Cudza zbroja albo spada ci z pleców, albo ciąży, albo gniecie
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Las tropas auxiliares, otras de las tropas inútiles de que he hablado, son aquellas que se piden a un príncipe poderoso para que nos socorra y defienda, tal
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Człowiek, który pragnie zawsze i wszędzie wytrwać w dobrem, paść koniecznie musi między tymi ludźmi, którzy nie są dobrymi
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Lo que considera un error es que la política se piense idealizándola contra la evidencia empírica a costa de supeditarla rígidamente a las normas y valores cristianos.
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Die Menschen sind undankbar, unbeständig, heuchlerisch, furchtsam und eigennützig.
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Ludzie będą zawsze dla ciebie źli, jeżeli konieczność nie zmusi ich do tego, by byli dobrzy
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Denn die Menschen sind so einfältig und so gewöhnt, den herrschenden Verhältnissen nachzugeben, dass der, welcher betrügen will, immer Leute findet, welche sich betrügen lassen.
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To get a better grasp of the problem, we have to ask: is the leader introducing the changes relying on his own resources, or does he depend on other people’s support; that is, does he have to beg help to achieve his goals, or can he impose them? If he’s begging help, he’s bound to fail and will get nowhere. But if he’s got his own resources and can impose his plans, then it’s unlikely he’ll be running serious risks. This is why the visionary who has armed force on his side has always won through, while unarmed even your visionary is always a loser. Because on top of everything else, we must remember that the general public’s mood will swing. It’s easy to convince people of something, but hard to keep them convinced. So when they stop believing in you, you must be in a position to force them to believe.
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jeżeli ci ludzie, którzy byli z początku przeciwnikami rządów księcia, sami nie mogą utrzymywać się bez oparcia, to zawsze może książę zjednać ich sobie z największą łatwością, a oni tym bardziej są zmuszeni wiernie mu służyć, że odczują potrzebę poprawienia swymi czynami tej złej opinii, którą o nich miał
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Frederick the Great was accustomed to say: “The older     one gets the more convinced one becomes that his Majesty     King Chance does three-quarters of the business of this     miserable universe.” Sorel
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Zło, poznane z daleka leczy się szybko, lecz gdy wskutek tego, że nie zostało rozpoznane, pozwala się na jego wzrost, tak że każdy je rozpozna, nie ma już lekarstwa
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Gubi się ten, kto czyni drugiego potężnym, gdyż tworzy się tę potęgę zręcznością lub siłą, a jedno i drugie budzi nieufność u tego, który stał się potężnym
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Lo cierto es' que estos desarrollos teóricos producen una gran tensión en el pensamiento de Maquiavelo, pues no especifica lo suficiente el tránsito que permite alcanzar el ideal republicano (tan apasionadamente defendido) a partir de su contrario: el uso salvífico y autoritario del poder en aras de la estabilidad y seguridad del Estado. El problema radica en que el fin (el bien común) puede ser usado por el príncipe como coartada para, mediante cualesquiera medios, cometer desmanes sin control en aras de sus propios intereses egoístas. Consciente de ello, apunta un mecanismo de salvaguardia posible, si bien no institucionalizado: la insatisfacción de los súbditos que pueden destituir al gobernante.
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The choosing of ministers is a very important matter for a ruler; whether or not they are good depends on whether he is shrewd. The first indications of the intelligence of a ruler are given by the quality of the men around him.
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